{"dataset":"institutional-outlook","title":"Institutional markers and outlooks: observed values, then scenarios, forecasts, project counts and targets","description":"Latest observed global markers (IEA, Hydrogen Council, IRENA, OECD, World Bank, European Commission, Gartner, WEF) and forward-looking figures, each tagged with its type (scenario, forecast, project count, plan, target) and the scenario that produced it.","publisher":"H2GHUB","updated":"2026-10-24","license":"Compilation by H2GHUB; each fact keeps the licence of its source (see sources).","sources":[{"id":"dnv_2022","name":"DNV — Hydrogen at risk of being the great missed opportunity of the energy transition (Hydrogen Forecast to 2050, 14 June 2022)","publisher":"DNV","url":"https://www.dnv.com/news/2022/hydrogen-at-risk-of-being-the-great-missed-opportunity-of-the-energy-transition-226628/","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"DNV (2022), Hydrogen Forecast to 2050","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"ec_h2mech_2026","name":"European Commission (DG ENER) — Successful first round of the EU Hydrogen Mechanism (29 April 2026)","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/successful-first-round-eu-hydrogen-mechanism-support-market-development-providing-value-added-2026-04-29_en","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","attribution":"European Commission, DG ENER, news of 29 April 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"ec_repowereu_2022","name":"European Commission — REPowerEU Plan (May 2022), via the European Hydrogen Observatory","publisher":"European Commission / Clean Hydrogen Partnership (European Hydrogen Observatory)","url":"https://observatory.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/eu-policy/repowereu","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","attribution":"European Commission (2022), REPowerEU Plan, COM(2022) 230","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"gartner_dc_2026","name":"Gartner — Gartner says data center electricity consumption to grow 26% in 2026 (press release, 10 June 2026)","publisher":"Gartner","url":"https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-06-10-gartner-says-data-center-electricity-demand-to-grow-26-percent-in-2026","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"Gartner, press release of 10 June 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"gie_ehb_2024","name":"Gas Infrastructure Europe — European Hydrogen Backbone: boosting EU resilience and competitiveness (press release)","publisher":"Gas Infrastructure Europe / European Hydrogen Backbone initiative","url":"https://www.gie.eu/press/european-hydrogen-backbone-boosting-eu-resilience-and-competitiveness/","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"Gas Infrastructure Europe, press release of 20 November 2024","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"hc_compass_2026","name":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","publisher":"Hydrogen Council","url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"Hydrogen Council (2026), Global Hydrogen Compass 2026 (Hydrogen Project & Investment Tracker, June 2026)","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"hc_flows_2023","name":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey — Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update (November 2023)","publisher":"Hydrogen Council, McKinsey & Company","url":"https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Hydrogen-Flows-2023-Update.pdf","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey & Company (2023), Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"iea_ghr_2026","name":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"IEA (2026), Global Hydrogen Review 2026, CC BY 4.0","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"ieefa_ore_2026","name":"IEEFA — Global high-grade iron ore market set to grow (Soroush Basirat, 19 March 2026)","publisher":"Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis","url":"https://ieefa.org/resources/global-high-grade-iron-ore-market-set-grow","license":"© IEEFA — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"IEEFA (2026), Global high-grade iron ore market set to grow","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"imf_weo_2026_10","name":"IMF — World Economic Outlook, October 2026 (DataMapper)","publisher":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO","license":"IMF terms of use — reuse with attribution","attribution":"Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"irena_p2h","name":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","publisher":"International Renewable Energy Agency","url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","attribution":"IRENA (2023), Innovation landscape for smart electrification","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"irena_rpgc_2024","name":"IRENA — Renewable power generation costs in 2024 (summary, July 2025)","publisher":"International Renewable Energy Agency","url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","attribution":"IRENA (2025), Renewable power generation costs in 2024","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"oecd_ffs_2025","name":"OECD — Government support for fossil fuels remains high despite a 10% decline (December 2025)","publisher":"OECD (with IEA data)","url":"https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/announcements/2025/12/government-support-for-fossil-fuels-remains-high-despite-a-10-decline.html","license":"© OECD — réutilisation avec attribution","attribution":"OECD and IEA (2025), fossil fuel support estimates","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"wb_h2_2023","name":"World Bank — World Bank proposes 10 GW clean hydrogen initiative to boost adoption of low-carbon energy (press release, 17 November 2023)","publisher":"World Bank","url":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/17/world-bank-proposes-10-gw-clean-hydrogen-initiative-to-boost-adoption-of-low-carbon-energy","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"World Bank, press release of 17 November 2023","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"wef_eti_2025","name":"World Economic Forum — Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025","publisher":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2025/","license":"© World Economic Forum — chiffres cités avec attribution","attribution":"World Economic Forum (2025), Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24"}],"schema":"Each entry carries value, unit, source, source_url, page_or_table and date_retrieved. kind = historical | target | projection; projections name their scenario.","entries":[{"value":1,"unit":"Mt H2 (almost), +20% in 2025","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 11 and p. 81","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"historical","id":"le_production","group":"observed","label":"Low-emissions hydrogen production","display":"almost 1 Mt (+20 %)","period":"2025"},{"value":4,"unit":"GW (more than), doubled in 2025","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 12 and p. 81","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"historical","id":"electrolysis","group":"observed","label":"Installed electrolysis capacity","display":"> 4 GW (doubled in a year)","period":"end-2025"},{"value":130,"unit":"USD billion committed (FID+)","source":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","source_id":"hc_compass_2026","source_url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","page_or_table":"Global key figures","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"hc_investment","group":"observed","label":"Committed clean hydrogen investment (FID or beyond)","display":"USD 130 bn · 579 projects · 6.9 Mtpa","period":"June 2026"},{"value":579,"unit":"projects at FID, under construction or operational","source":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","source_id":"hc_compass_2026","source_url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","page_or_table":"Global key figures","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"hc_investment","group":"observed","label":"Committed clean hydrogen investment (FID or beyond)","display":"USD 130 bn · 579 projects · 6.9 Mtpa","period":"June 2026"},{"value":6.9,"unit":"Mtpa committed clean hydrogen capacity","source":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","source_id":"hc_compass_2026","source_url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","page_or_table":"Global key figures","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"hc_investment","group":"observed","label":"Committed clean hydrogen investment (FID or beyond)","display":"USD 130 bn · 579 projects · 6.9 Mtpa","period":"June 2026"},{"value":265,"unit":"supply projects registered (33 countries, 16 EU)","source":"European Commission (DG ENER) — Successful first round of the EU Hydrogen Mechanism (29 April 2026)","source_id":"ec_h2mech_2026","source_url":"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/successful-first-round-eu-hydrogen-mechanism-support-market-development-providing-value-added-2026-04-29_en","page_or_table":"News of 29 April 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","kind":"historical","id":"h2mech","group":"observed","label":"EU Hydrogen Mechanism, first round","display":"265 supply projects from 33 countries (16 in the EU) · 45 offtake projects · 87 % of suppliers received interest","period":"April 2026"},{"value":45,"unit":"offtake projects registered","source":"European Commission (DG ENER) — Successful first round of the EU Hydrogen Mechanism (29 April 2026)","source_id":"ec_h2mech_2026","source_url":"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/successful-first-round-eu-hydrogen-mechanism-support-market-development-providing-value-added-2026-04-29_en","page_or_table":"News of 29 April 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","kind":"historical","id":"h2mech","group":"observed","label":"EU Hydrogen Mechanism, first round","display":"265 supply projects from 33 countries (16 in the EU) · 45 offtake projects · 87 % of suppliers received interest","period":"April 2026"},{"value":87,"unit":"% of suppliers that received interest from at least one offtaker","source":"European Commission (DG ENER) — Successful first round of the EU Hydrogen Mechanism (29 April 2026)","source_id":"ec_h2mech_2026","source_url":"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/successful-first-round-eu-hydrogen-mechanism-support-market-development-providing-value-added-2026-04-29_en","page_or_table":"News of 29 April 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","kind":"historical","id":"h2mech","group":"observed","label":"EU Hydrogen Mechanism, first round","display":"265 supply projects from 33 countries (16 in the EU) · 45 offtake projects · 87 % of suppliers received interest","period":"April 2026"},{"value":"47 / 37 / 14 / 18","unit":"projects: ammonia / methanol / e-SAF / e-methane","source":"European Commission (DG ENER) — Successful first round of the EU Hydrogen Mechanism (29 April 2026)","source_id":"ec_h2mech_2026","source_url":"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/successful-first-round-eu-hydrogen-mechanism-support-market-development-providing-value-added-2026-04-29_en","page_or_table":"News of 29 April 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","kind":"historical","id":"h2mech","group":"observed","label":"EU Hydrogen Mechanism, first round","display":"265 supply projects from 33 countries (16 in the EU) · 45 offtake projects · 87 % of suppliers received interest","period":"April 2026"},{"value":1.65,"unit":"USD billion approved for renewable hydrogen loans in 2023 (to mid-November)","source":"World Bank — World Bank proposes 10 GW clean hydrogen initiative to boost adoption of low-carbon energy (press release, 17 November 2023)","source_id":"wb_h2_2023","source_url":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/17/world-bank-proposes-10-gw-clean-hydrogen-initiative-to-boost-adoption-of-low-carbon-energy","page_or_table":"Press release of 17 November 2023","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"wb_loans","group":"observed","label":"World Bank renewable hydrogen loans approved","display":"USD 1.65 bn","period":"2023"},{"value":91,"unit":"% of new renewable projects commissioned in 2024","source":"IRENA — Renewable power generation costs in 2024 (summary, July 2025)","source_id":"irena_rpgc_2024","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf","page_or_table":"Summary, p. 5","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"irena_cheaper","group":"observed","label":"New renewable projects cheaper than any new fossil alternative","display":"91 %","period":"2024"},{"value":0.043,"unit":"USD/kWh, utility-scale solar PV","source":"IRENA — Renewable power generation costs in 2024 (summary, July 2025)","source_id":"irena_rpgc_2024","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf","page_or_table":"Summary, p. 6","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"irena_lcoe","group":"observed","label":"Global weighted average cost of new renewable power","display":"solar PV USD 0.043/kWh · onshore wind 0.034 · offshore wind 0.079","period":"2024"},{"value":0.034,"unit":"USD/kWh, onshore wind","source":"IRENA — Renewable power generation costs in 2024 (summary, July 2025)","source_id":"irena_rpgc_2024","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf","page_or_table":"Summary, p. 3","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"irena_lcoe","group":"observed","label":"Global weighted average cost of new renewable power","display":"solar PV USD 0.043/kWh · onshore wind 0.034 · offshore wind 0.079","period":"2024"},{"value":0.079,"unit":"USD/kWh, offshore wind","source":"IRENA — Renewable power generation costs in 2024 (summary, July 2025)","source_id":"irena_rpgc_2024","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Jul/IRENA_TEC_RPGC_in_2024_Summary_2025.pdf","page_or_table":"Summary, p. 7","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"irena_lcoe","group":"observed","label":"Global weighted average cost of new renewable power","display":"solar PV USD 0.043/kWh · onshore wind 0.034 · offshore wind 0.079","period":"2024"},{"value":916,"unit":"USD billion (2024)","source":"OECD — Government support for fossil fuels remains high despite a 10% decline (December 2025)","source_id":"oecd_ffs_2025","source_url":"https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/announcements/2025/12/government-support-for-fossil-fuels-remains-high-despite-a-10-decline.html","page_or_table":"Announcement of December 2025","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© OECD — réutilisation avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"ffs","group":"observed","label":"Government support for fossil fuels","display":"USD 916 bn (USD 1,031 bn in 2023)","period":"2024"},{"value":1031,"unit":"USD billion (2023)","source":"OECD — Government support for fossil fuels remains high despite a 10% decline (December 2025)","source_id":"oecd_ffs_2025","source_url":"https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/announcements/2025/12/government-support-for-fossil-fuels-remains-high-despite-a-10-decline.html","page_or_table":"Announcement of December 2025","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© OECD — réutilisation avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"ffs","group":"observed","label":"Government support for fossil fuels","display":"USD 916 bn (USD 1,031 bn in 2023)","period":"2024"},{"value":447,"unit":"TWh worldwide (2025)","source":"Gartner — Gartner says data center electricity consumption to grow 26% in 2026 (press release, 10 June 2026)","source_id":"gartner_dc_2026","source_url":"https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-06-10-gartner-says-data-center-electricity-demand-to-grow-26-percent-in-2026","page_or_table":"Press release of 10 June 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"gartner_2025","group":"observed","label":"Data-centre electricity consumption","display":"447 TWh","period":"2025"},{"value":77,"unit":"countries of 118 with a higher overall score","source":"World Economic Forum — Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025","source_id":"wef_eti_2025","source_url":"https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2025/","page_or_table":"Overall results","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© World Economic Forum — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"eti","group":"observed","label":"Energy Transition Index","display":"77 of 118 countries improved · average score +1.1 %","period":"2025"},{"value":1.1,"unit":"% average gain in ETI score","source":"World Economic Forum — Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025","source_id":"wef_eti_2025","source_url":"https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2025/","page_or_table":"Overall results","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© World Economic Forum — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"historical","id":"eti","group":"observed","label":"Energy Transition Index","display":"77 of 118 countries improved · average score +1.1 %","period":"2025"},{"value":27,"unit":"Mt H2 announced by 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 11 and p. 81","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"All announced projects (project pipeline, not a forecast)","id":"pipeline_2030","group":"projected","type":"pipeline","label":"Low-emissions hydrogen production announced","display":"27 Mt (37 Mt a year earlier)","period":"2030","scenario_label":"All announced projects — a project pipeline, not a forecast"},{"value":4.3,"unit":"Mt H2 committed by 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 81","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"Projects operational, under construction or at FID","id":"committed_2030","group":"projected","type":"pipeline","label":"Committed low-emissions production","display":"4.3 Mt (could exceed 6 Mt with FIDs in 2026–2027)","period":"2030","scenario_label":"Projects operating, under construction or at FID"},{"value":680,"unit":"USD/kW electrolyser CAPEX, China, 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 111, Figure 3.20 note","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)","id":"capex_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser CAPEX","display":"USD 680/kW (China) · USD 1,700/kW (rest of world); 2025: 820 and 2,200","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":1700,"unit":"USD/kW electrolyser CAPEX, rest of world, 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 111, Figure 3.20 note","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)","id":"capex_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser CAPEX","display":"USD 680/kW (China) · USD 1,700/kW (rest of world); 2025: 820 and 2,200","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":820,"unit":"USD/kW electrolyser CAPEX, China, 2025","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 111, Figure 3.20 note","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"historical","id":"capex_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser CAPEX","display":"USD 680/kW (China) · USD 1,700/kW (rest of world); 2025: 820 and 2,200","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":2200,"unit":"USD/kW electrolyser CAPEX, rest of world, 2025","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 111, Figure 3.20 note","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"historical","id":"capex_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser CAPEX","display":"USD 680/kW (China) · USD 1,700/kW (rest of world); 2025: 820 and 2,200","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":2,"unit":"USD/kg H2 (below), several regions of northern China, 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 112","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)","id":"lcoh_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Cost of renewable hydrogen","display":"< USD 2/kg in parts of northern China · USD 3–4/kg in the Middle East, India, Chile · ≈ USD 3.5/kg in some European locations","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":"3–4","unit":"USD/kg H2 (just above 3, below 4), Middle East, India, Chile, 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 112","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)","id":"lcoh_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Cost of renewable hydrogen","display":"< USD 2/kg in parts of northern China · USD 3–4/kg in the Middle East, India, Chile · ≈ USD 3.5/kg in some European locations","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":3.5,"unit":"USD/kg H2, some locations in Europe, 2030","source":"IEA — Global Hydrogen Review 2026","source_id":"iea_ghr_2026","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af4b6218-0311-4963-91ab-903cb18ca0ca/GlobalHydrogenReview2026.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 112","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"CC BY 4.0","kind":"projection","scenario":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)","id":"lcoh_2030","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Cost of renewable hydrogen","display":"< USD 2/kg in parts of northern China · USD 3–4/kg in the Middle East, India, Chile · ≈ USD 3.5/kg in some European locations","period":"2030","scenario_label":"IEA Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)"},{"value":11,"unit":"Mtpa clean hydrogen demand achievable by 2030","source":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","source_id":"hc_compass_2026","source_url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","page_or_table":"Global key figures","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Hydrogen Council demand assessment","id":"hc_demand_2030","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Clean hydrogen demand achievable","display":"11 Mtpa, of which ≈ 6 firmed by enacted policy","period":"2030","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council demand assessment (June 2026)"},{"value":6,"unit":"Mtpa of it firmed by enacted policy (about)","source":"Hydrogen Council — Global Hydrogen Compass 2026","source_id":"hc_compass_2026","source_url":"https://compass.hydrogencouncil.com/","page_or_table":"Global key figures","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Hydrogen Council demand assessment","id":"hc_demand_2030","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Clean hydrogen demand achievable","display":"11 Mtpa, of which ≈ 6 firmed by enacted policy","period":"2030","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council demand assessment (June 2026)"},{"value":125,"unit":"Mt H2 per year by 2030","source":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","source_id":"irena_p2h","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","page_or_table":"Status page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario","id":"irena_15","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Hydrogen production","display":"125 Mt (2030) · 523 Mt (2050), 94 % of global production","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario — what the goal requires, not a forecast"},{"value":523,"unit":"Mt H2 per year by 2050 (94% of global hydrogen production; green and blue)","source":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","source_id":"irena_p2h","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","page_or_table":"Status page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario","id":"irena_15","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Hydrogen production","display":"125 Mt (2030) · 523 Mt (2050), 94 % of global production","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario — what the goal requires, not a forecast"},{"value":350,"unit":"GW electrolysers (up to) in 2030","source":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","source_id":"irena_p2h","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","page_or_table":"Status page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario","id":"irena_15_gw","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser capacity and investment","display":"up to 350 GW (2030) · ≈ 5,000 GW (2050) · USD 170 bn a year","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario"},{"value":5000,"unit":"GW electrolysers (roughly) in 2050","source":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","source_id":"irena_p2h","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","page_or_table":"Status page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario","id":"irena_15_gw","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser capacity and investment","display":"up to 350 GW (2030) · ≈ 5,000 GW (2050) · USD 170 bn a year","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario"},{"value":170,"unit":"USD billion per year of investment through 2050","source":"IRENA — Innovation landscape for smart electrification: Power to hydrogen — Status","source_id":"irena_p2h","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/Innovation-landscape-for-smart-electrification/Power-to-hydrogen/Status","page_or_table":"Status page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IRENA — réutilisation autorisée avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario","id":"irena_15_gw","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Electrolyser capacity and investment","display":"up to 350 GW (2030) · ≈ 5,000 GW (2050) · USD 170 bn a year","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"IRENA 1.5°C Scenario"},{"value":20,"unit":"Mt H2-eq per year transported over long distances in 2030 (nearly)","source":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey — Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update (November 2023)","source_id":"hc_flows_2023","source_url":"https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Hydrogen-Flows-2023-Update.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 4","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Further Acceleration (1.9°C)","id":"hc_flows","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Long-distance hydrogen trade","display":"nearly 20 Mt (2030) · ≈ 100 Mt (2040) · ≈ 200 Mt (2050); USD 4 tn saved vs limited trade","period":"2030 · 2040 · 2050","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey, Further Acceleration (1.9 °C)"},{"value":100,"unit":"Mt H2-eq per year long-distance by 2040 (some)","source":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey — Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update (November 2023)","source_id":"hc_flows_2023","source_url":"https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Hydrogen-Flows-2023-Update.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 15","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Further Acceleration (1.9°C)","id":"hc_flows","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Long-distance hydrogen trade","display":"nearly 20 Mt (2030) · ≈ 100 Mt (2040) · ≈ 200 Mt (2050); USD 4 tn saved vs limited trade","period":"2030 · 2040 · 2050","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey, Further Acceleration (1.9 °C)"},{"value":200,"unit":"Mt H2-eq per year long-distance by 2050 (potentially)","source":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey — Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update (November 2023)","source_id":"hc_flows_2023","source_url":"https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Hydrogen-Flows-2023-Update.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 16","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Further Acceleration (1.9°C)","id":"hc_flows","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Long-distance hydrogen trade","display":"nearly 20 Mt (2030) · ≈ 100 Mt (2040) · ≈ 200 Mt (2050); USD 4 tn saved vs limited trade","period":"2030 · 2040 · 2050","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey, Further Acceleration (1.9 °C)"},{"value":4,"unit":"USD trillion investment savings vs limited-trade case","source":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey — Global Hydrogen Flows: 2023 Update (November 2023)","source_id":"hc_flows_2023","source_url":"https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Hydrogen-Flows-2023-Update.pdf","page_or_table":"p. 5 and p. 12","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© Hydrogen Council — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Further Acceleration (1.9°C)","id":"hc_flows","group":"projected","type":"scenario","label":"Long-distance hydrogen trade","display":"nearly 20 Mt (2030) · ≈ 100 Mt (2040) · ≈ 200 Mt (2050); USD 4 tn saved vs limited trade","period":"2030 · 2040 · 2050","scenario_label":"Hydrogen Council and McKinsey, Further Acceleration (1.9 °C)"},{"value":0.5,"unit":"% of energy mix in 2030","source":"DNV — Hydrogen at risk of being the great missed opportunity of the energy transition (Hydrogen Forecast to 2050, 14 June 2022)","source_id":"dnv_2022","source_url":"https://www.dnv.com/news/2022/hydrogen-at-risk-of-being-the-great-missed-opportunity-of-the-energy-transition-226628/","page_or_table":"Press release of 14 June 2022","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"DNV Hydrogen Forecast to 2050","id":"dnv_share","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Hydrogen in the energy mix","display":"0.5 % (2030) · 5 % (2050)","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"DNV best-estimate forecast (2022)"},{"value":5,"unit":"% of energy mix in 2050","source":"DNV — Hydrogen at risk of being the great missed opportunity of the energy transition (Hydrogen Forecast to 2050, 14 June 2022)","source_id":"dnv_2022","source_url":"https://www.dnv.com/news/2022/hydrogen-at-risk-of-being-the-great-missed-opportunity-of-the-energy-transition-226628/","page_or_table":"Press release of 14 June 2022","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"DNV Hydrogen Forecast to 2050","id":"dnv_share","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Hydrogen in the energy mix","display":"0.5 % (2030) · 5 % (2050)","period":"2030 · 2050","scenario_label":"DNV best-estimate forecast (2022)"},{"value":565,"unit":"TWh in 2026","source":"Gartner — Gartner says data center electricity consumption to grow 26% in 2026 (press release, 10 June 2026)","source_id":"gartner_dc_2026","source_url":"https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-06-10-gartner-says-data-center-electricity-demand-to-grow-26-percent-in-2026","page_or_table":"Press release of 10 June 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Gartner forecast","id":"gartner_2030","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Data-centre electricity consumption","display":"565 TWh (2026, +26 %) · > 1,200 TWh (2030)","period":"2026 · 2030","scenario_label":"Gartner forecast (June 2026)"},{"value":1200,"unit":"TWh by 2030 (over)","source":"Gartner — Gartner says data center electricity consumption to grow 26% in 2026 (press release, 10 June 2026)","source_id":"gartner_dc_2026","source_url":"https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2026-06-10-gartner-says-data-center-electricity-demand-to-grow-26-percent-in-2026","page_or_table":"Press release of 10 June 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"Gartner forecast","id":"gartner_2030","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Data-centre electricity consumption","display":"565 TWh (2026, +26 %) · > 1,200 TWh (2030)","period":"2026 · 2030","scenario_label":"Gartner forecast (June 2026)"},{"value":3.1,"unit":"% real GDP growth, world, 2026","source":"IMF — World Economic Outlook, October 2026 (DataMapper)","source_id":"imf_weo_2026_10","source_url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO","page_or_table":"NGDP_RPCH, WEOWORLD","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"IMF terms of use — reuse with attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IMF staff baseline, WEO October 2026","id":"imf_world","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"World real GDP growth","display":"3.1 % (2026) · 3.4 % (2027)","period":"2026 · 2027","scenario_label":"IMF staff baseline, World Economic Outlook October 2026"},{"value":3.4,"unit":"% real GDP growth, world, 2027","source":"IMF — World Economic Outlook, October 2026 (DataMapper)","source_id":"imf_weo_2026_10","source_url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO","page_or_table":"NGDP_RPCH, WEOWORLD","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"IMF terms of use — reuse with attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"IMF staff baseline, WEO October 2026","id":"imf_world","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"World real GDP growth","display":"3.1 % (2026) · 3.4 % (2027)","period":"2026 · 2027","scenario_label":"IMF staff baseline, World Economic Outlook October 2026"},{"value":15,"unit":"Mtpa DR-grade ore deficit by 2030","source":"IEEFA — Global high-grade iron ore market set to grow (Soroush Basirat, 19 March 2026)","source_id":"ieefa_ore_2026","source_url":"https://ieefa.org/resources/global-high-grade-iron-ore-market-set-grow","page_or_table":"Article of 19 March 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IEEFA — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"BloombergNEF, cited by IEEFA","id":"dr_ore","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Deficit of DR-grade iron ore","display":"15 Mt a year (2030) · 133 Mt a year (2040)","period":"2030 · 2040","scenario_label":"BloombergNEF outlook, cited by IEEFA (March 2026)"},{"value":133,"unit":"Mtpa DR-grade ore deficit by 2040","source":"IEEFA — Global high-grade iron ore market set to grow (Soroush Basirat, 19 March 2026)","source_id":"ieefa_ore_2026","source_url":"https://ieefa.org/resources/global-high-grade-iron-ore-market-set-grow","page_or_table":"Article of 19 March 2026","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© IEEFA — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"BloombergNEF, cited by IEEFA","id":"dr_ore","group":"projected","type":"projection","label":"Deficit of DR-grade iron ore","display":"15 Mt a year (2030) · 133 Mt a year (2040)","period":"2030 · 2040","scenario_label":"BloombergNEF outlook, cited by IEEFA (March 2026)"},{"value":58000,"unit":"km by 2040 (about 60% repurposed)","source":"Gas Infrastructure Europe — European Hydrogen Backbone: boosting EU resilience and competitiveness (press release)","source_id":"gie_ehb_2024","source_url":"https://www.gie.eu/press/european-hydrogen-backbone-boosting-eu-resilience-and-competitiveness/","page_or_table":"Press release of 20 November 2024","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"Communiqué public — chiffres cités avec attribution","kind":"projection","scenario":"European Hydrogen Backbone infrastructure vision","id":"ehb_2040","group":"projected","type":"vision","label":"European hydrogen network","display":"58,000 km, ≈ 60 % repurposed gas pipelines","period":"2040","scenario_label":"European Hydrogen Backbone vision (gas TSOs), not an investment decision"},{"value":10,"unit":"Mt domestic renewable H2 + 10 Mt imports by 2030 (indicative)","source":"European Commission — REPowerEU Plan (May 2022), via the European Hydrogen Observatory","source_id":"ec_repowereu_2022","source_url":"https://observatory.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/eu-policy/repowereu","page_or_table":"REPowerEU page","date_retrieved":"2026-10-24","license":"© European Union — réutilisation autorisée avec mention de la source","kind":"target","id":"repowereu","group":"projected","type":"target","label":"EU renewable hydrogen target","display":"10 Mt produced in the EU + 10 Mt imported","period":"2030","scenario_label":"REPowerEU policy target (indicative), not a projection"}]}